References – What is lyophilized whole krill?

1. Angerer P, von Schacky C. 2000. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the cardiovascular system. Curr Opin Lipidol. 11: 57-63.

2. Barcelli, U, Glas-Greenwalt P and Pollack V. 1985. Enhancing effect of dietary supplement with n-3 fatty acids on plasma fibrinolysis in normal subjects. Thromb Res 39 :307-12.

3. Beil FU, Terres W, Orgass M and Greten H. 1991. Dietary fish oil lowers lipoprotein(a) in primary hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 90 :95-97.

4. Bonaa KH, Bjerve KS, Staume B, Gram IT and Thelle D. 1990. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromso Study. N Engl J Med 322 :795-801.

5. Harris, W.S. 1989. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: A critical review. J. Lipid Res. 30: 785-807.

6. Harris, W.S. and O’Keefe, J.H. 2001. Cardioprotective effets of omega-3 fatty acids. Nutr Clin Pract 16: 6-12.

7. Hooper L et al. 2006).Risks and benefits of omega-3 fats for mortality, cardio24vascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. Brit Med J 332: 752-760.

8. Kang JX and Leaf A. 1996. The cardiac antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Lipids 31: S41-44.

9. Knapp, H.R., and FitzGerald, G.A. 1989. The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 320:1037-43.

10. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 106:2747-2757; 2002.

11. Leaf A, Kang JX, Xiao Y-F, Billman GE. Clinical prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mechanism of prevention of arrhythmias by n-3 fish oils. Circulation 107:2646-2652; 2003.

12. Lemaitre RN, et al. 2002. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fatal ischemic heart disease and non-fatal myocardial infarction in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 76:319-25.

13. Lorgeril M, et al. 1999. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 99:779-85.

14. Rissanen T, et al. 2000. Fish oil-derived fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, and the risk of acute coronary events. The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Circulation;102:2677-9.

15. Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, et al. 2006. n-3 fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements but not a-linoleic acid, benefit cardiovascular outcomes in primary and secondary prevention studies: a systematic review. Am J. Clin Nutr 84:5-17.

16. Cleland LG, French JK, Betts WH, Murphy GA and Elliot MJ 1988. Clinical and biochemical effects of dietary fish oil supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 15:1471-75.

17. Fortin, P.R., Lew, R.A., Liang, M.H., et al. 1995. Validation of a meta-analysis: The effetsc of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Epidemiol 48:1379-1390.

18. Geusens P, Wouters C, Nijs J, Jiang Y, Dequeker. Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A 12-month, double-blind, controlled study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 37:824-829; 1994.

19. Grimble RF. 1998. Nutritional modulation of cytokine biology. Nutrition 14: 634-40.

20. Harbige LS. 1998. Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in immunity and autoimmune disease. Proc Nutr Soc. 57: 555-62

21. Heller A, Koch T, Schmeck J, van Ackern K. 1998. Lipid mediators inflammatory disorders. Drugs 55: 487-96.

22. Skoldstam L, Borjesson O, Kjallman A, Seiving B, Akesson B. Effect of six months of fish oil supplementation in stable rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, controlled study. Scand J Rheum 21:178-185; 1992.

23. Volker D, Fitzgerald P, Major G, Garg M. Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 27:2343-2346; 2000.

24. Freeman MP. 2000. Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry: a review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 12: 159-65.

25. Haag M. 2003. Essential fatty acids and the brain. Can J Psych 48:195-203.

26. Hibbeln Jr. 1998. Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet 351: 1213.

27. Peet, M., Glen I. and Horrobin D.F. Phospholipid Spectrum Disorder in Psychiatry. Marius Press, 1999.

28. Stoll AL, et al. 1999. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56(5): 407–412.

29. Martins JG. EPA but not DHA appears to be responsible for the efficacy of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Am Coll Nutr 28:525-542, 2009.

30. Lespérance F, Frasure-Smith N, st-Andre E, Turecki G, Lespérance P, Wisniewski SR. THe efficacy of omega-3 supplementation for major depression : a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2010 Jun 15.

31. Bégin ME. 1987 Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and of their oxidation products on cell survival. Chem Phys Lipids 45:269-313.

32. Bégin, ME, Ells G, Das UN and Horrobin DF. 1986 Differential killing of human carcinoma cells supplemented with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Natl Cancer Inst 77:1056-1062.

33. Bégin ME, Ells G and Horrobin DF. 1988. Polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced cytotoxicity

34. against tumor cells and its relationship to lipid peroxidation. J Natl Cancer Inst 80 :188-194.

35. Bégin ME, Sircar S and Weber JM. (1994) Greater sensitivity of Human MDR cancer cells to polyunsaturated fatty acids than their non-MDR counterparts. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 638-639.

36. Burns CP, Wagner BA. 1993. Effects of exogenous lipids on cancer and cancer chemotherapy. Drug Saf 8: 57-68.

37. Guffy M, North JA. Burns CP. 1984. Effect of cellular fatty acid alteration on adriamycin sensitivity in cultured L121-0 murine leukemia cells. Cancer Res 44:1863-6.

38. Jiang WG, Bryce RP, Horrobin DF. 1998. Essential fatty acids: molecular and cellular basis of their anti-cancer action and clinical implications. Critical Reviews in Oncol Hematol 27: 179-209.

39. Johanning GL. 1996. Modulation of breast cancer cell adhesion by unsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition 12:810-6.

40. Kinsella JE, Black JM. 1993. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the efficacy of antineoplastic agents toward 15178y lymphoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 45:1881-7.

41. Plumb JA, Luo W. Kerr DJ. 1993. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the drug sensitivity of human tumour cell lines resistant to either cisplatin or doxorubicin. Br J Cancer 67:728-33.

42. Rose DP, Connolly JM, Coleman M. 1996. Effect of w-3 fatty acids on the progression of metastases after the surgical excision of human breast cancer cell solid tumors growing in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 2: 1751-6.

43. Rose DP, Connoly JM, Meschter CL. 1991. Effect of dietary fat on human breast cancer growth and lung metastasis in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:1491-5.

44. Maher TJ. 2000. Astaxanthin. Continuing Education Module. New Hope Institute of Retailing.

45. Lawlor, S. M. and O’Brien, N. M. (1995) Astaxanthin: antioxidant effects in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Nutr. Res., 15:1695-1704.

46. Palozza, P. and Krinsky, N. I. (1992) Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are potent antioxidants in a membrane model. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 297:291-295.

47. Lim, B. P., Nagao, A., Terao, J., Tanaka, K., Suzuki, T., and Takama, K. (1992) Antioxidant activity of xanthophylls on peroxyl radical-mediated phospholipid peroxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1126:178-184.

48. Kurashige, M., Okimasu, E., Inoue, M., and Utsumi, K. (1990) Inhibition of oxidative injury of biological membranes by astaxanthin. Physiol. Chem. Pys. & Med. NMR, 22:27-38.

49. Miki, W. (1991) Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids. Pure Appl. Chem., 63(1):141-146.

50. Kurmaly 1996. Shrimp Nutrition & Disease: Role of Vitamins and asthaxantine. Roche Aquaculture Center Proceedings of Feed Ingredients Asia 1995. (Review)

51. www.astaxanthin.org/benefits.htm; www.astaxanthin.org/antiox-prop.htm and www.nutranews.org/fra/index.php?articleid=305

52. Mortensen, A., Skibsted, L. H., Sampson, J., Rice-Evans, C., and Everett, S. A. (1997) Comparative mechanisms and rates of free radical scavenging by carotenoid antioxidants. FEBS Letters, 418:91-97.

53. Terao, J. (1989) Antioxidant activity of beta-carotene-related carotenoids in solution. Lipids, 24:659-661.

54. Lee SJ, Bai SK, Lee KS, Namkoong S, Na HJ, Ha KS, Han JA, Yim SV, Chang K, Kwon YG, Lee SK, Kim YM. 2003. Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expression by suppressing I(kappa)B kinase-dependent NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cells. 31: 16(1):97-105.

55. Mercke Odeberg J, Lignell A, Pettersson A, Hoglund P. 2003. Oral bioavailability of the antioxidant astaxanthin in humans is enhanced by incorporation of lipid based formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci. Jul;19(4):299-304.

56. Spiller GA, Dewell A. 2003. Safety of an astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: a randomized clinical trial. J Med Food. Spring;6(1):51-6.

57. Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Kotake S, Nishida T, Mizuki N, Yazawa K, Ohno S. 2003. Effects of astaxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Jun;44(6):2694-701.

58. Guerin M, Huntley ME, Olaizola M. 2003. Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition. Trends Biotechnol. May;21(5):210-6.

59. Uchiyama K, Naito Y, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Takahashi J, Yoshikawa T. 2002. Astaxanthin protects beta-cells against glucose toxicity in diabetic db/db mice. Redox Rep. 7(5):290-3.

60. Aoi W, Naito Y, Sakuma K, Kuchide M, Tokuda H, Maoka T, Toyokuni S, Oka S, Yasuhara M, Yoshikawa T. 2003. Astaxanthin limits exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal. Feb;5(1):139-44.

61. Kurihara H, Koda H, Asami S, Kiso Y, Tanaka T. 2002. Contribution of the antioxidative property of astaxanthin to its protective effect on the promotion of cancer metastasis in mice treated with restraint stress. Life Sci. 21;70(21):2509-2520.

62. Kistler A, Liechti H, Pichard L, Wolz E, Oesterhelt G, Hayes A, Maurel P. 2002. Metabolism and CYP-inducer properties of astaxanthin in man and primary human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol. 75(11-12):665-75.

63. Iwamoto T, Hosoda K, Hirano R, Kurata H, Matsumoto A, Miki W, Kamiyama M, Itakura H, Yamamoto S, Kondo K. 2000. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin. J Atheroscler Thromb.7(4):216-22.

64. Kang JO, Kim SJ, Kim H. 2001. Effect of astaxanthin on the hepatotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in the liver of CCl4-treated rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 23(2):79-84.

65. Goto S, Kogure K, Abe K, Kimata Y, Kitahama K, Yamashita E, Terada H. 2001. Efficient radical trapping at the surface and inside the phospholipid membrane is responsible for highly potent antiperoxidative activity of the carotenoid astaxanthin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1512(2):251-8.

66. Wang X, Willen R, Wadstrom T. 2000. Astaxanthin-rich algal meal and vitamin C inhibit Helicobacter pylori infection in BALB/cA mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Sep;44(9):2452-7.

67. Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Iijima K, Gross MD. 2000. Antitumor activity of astaxanthin and its mode of action. Nutr Cancer.36(1):59-65.

68. Bennedsen M, Wang X, Willen R, Wadstrom T, Andersen LP. 1999. Treatment of H. pylori infected mice with antioxidant astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes. Immunol Lett. Dec 1;70(3):185-9.

69. Chew BP, Park JS, Wong MW, Wong TS. 1999. A comparison of the anticancer activities of dietary beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo. Anticancer Res. May-Jun;19(3A):1849-53.

70. O’Connor I, O’Brien N. 1998. Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by beta-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci. 16(3):226-30.

71. Tanaka T, Kawamori T, Ohnishi M, Makita H, Mori H, Satoh K, Hara A. 1995 Suppression of azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis by dietary administration of naturally occurring xanthophylls astaxanthin and canthaxanthin during the postinitiation phase. Carcinogenesis. 16(12):2957-63.

72. Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, Gross MD. 1995. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen. J Nutr. 125(10):2483-92.

73. Tanaka T, Makita H, Ohnishi M, Mori H, Satoh K, Hara A. 1995. Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Cancer Res. 55(18):4059-64.

74. Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Gross M. 1995. Effect of carotenoids on in vitro immunoglobulin production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, enhances in vitro immunoglobulin production in response to a T-dependent stimulant and antigen. Nutr Cancer 23(2):171-83.

75. Tanaka T, Morishita Y, Suzui M, Kojima T, Okumura A, Mori H. 1994. Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid astaxanthin. Carcinogenesis. 15(1):15-19.

76. Jyonouchi H, Zhang L, Tomita Y. 1993. Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. II. Astaxanthin enhances in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens without facilitating polyclonal B-cell activation. Nutr Cancer. 19(3):269-80.

77. Murillo E. 1992. [Hypercholesterolemic effect of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in rats] [Article in Spanish] Arch Latinoam Nutr. 42(4):409-13.

78. Hoashi N. 1995. Chitin healing power from the sea, Will Production.

79. Asaoka, K. 1996. Chitin-Chitosan: The Choice Food Supplement for over 10,000 Physicians in Japan. Vantage Press, Inc., New York.

80. www.swicofil.com/products/055chitosan.html; www.youngagain.com/chitnatfatab.html www.ocean.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/Research/chitin.html

81. Preedy VR, Burrow GN and Watson R (eds). Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects, Amsterdam, Academic Press, 2009.

82. Venturi S and Bégin ME. Thyroid hormone, iodine and human brain evolution. In: Cunnane SC and Stewart KM. Human Brain Evolution, The Influence of Freshwater and Marine Food Resources. Wiley-Blackwell, NJ, 2010.

83. Hulbert AJ. Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective. Biol Rev 75:319-631, 2000.

84. Bégin ME, Langlois MF, Lorrain D and Cunnane SC. Thyroid function and cognition during aging. Curr Gerontol Geriat Res doi:10.1155/2008/474868.

85. Bauer M, London ED, Silverman DHS, Rasgon N, Krichleiner J and Whybrow PC. Thyroid, brain and mood modulation in affective disorders: insights from molecular research and function brain imaging. Pharmacopsychiatry 36:S215-S221, 2003.

86. Abraham GE. The History of Iodine in Medicine Part I: From Discovery to Essentiality.The Original Internist 13:29-36, 2006 .

87. Abraham GE, The History of Iodine in Medicine Part II: The Search for and the Discovery of Thyroid Hormones. The Original Internist 13: 67-70, 2006.

88. Bauer M, Goetez t, Glenn T and Whybrow PC. The thyroid-brain interaction in thyroid disorders and mood disorders. J Neuroendocrinol 20:1101-1114, 2008.

89. Bauer M, Heinz A and Whybrow PC. Thyroid hormones, serotonin and mood: of synergy and significance in the adult brain. Mol Psychiatry 7:140-156, 2002.

90. Joffre RT and Sokolov ST. Thyroid hormone treatment of primary unipolar depression: a review. Int J Neurophsychopharmacol 3:143-147, 2000.

91. Joffe Rt, Sokolov ST and Levitt AJ. Lithium and triiodothyronine augmentation of antidepressants. Can J Psychiatry 51:791-793, 2006.

92. Venturi S and Venturi M. Evolution of dietary antioxidant defenses. European Epi-Marker, 1:1-12. 2007.

93. Katamine S, Hoshino N, Totsuka K and Suzuk, M. Effects of the long-term feeding of high-iodine eggs on lipid metabolism and thyroid function in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 31: 339-345, 1985.

94. Liu Y. Study on antioxidative unbalance and structural damage in iodine deficient rats. 12th International Thyroid Congress, Kyoto, 22-27 October, p. 559, 2000.

95. Liu Y. The damage role of free radical in iodine deficient children.12th International Thyroid Congress, Kyoto, 22-27 October, p.560, 2000.

96. Santé Canada. Monographie des suppléments de multivitamines/minéraux. 2007.

97. Bianco AC and Kim BW. Deiodinases: implications of the local control of thyroid hormone action. J Clin Investigation 116: 2571-2579, 2006.

98. Cunnane, S. Survival of the Fattest: The Key to Human Brain Evolution. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, p.115-160, 2005.